Introduction
Case law is used to determine the IR35 status of a contractor as either
employed (inside IR35) or self-employed (outside IR35).
This article explains what case law is, and provides some guidance for finding
further more detail information about specific cases.
What is Case Law?
Definitions from Duhaime:
If a rule of law cannot be found in written laws, lawyers will often say that
it is a rule to be found in "case law". In other words, the rule is not in the
statute books but can be found as a principle of law established by a judge in
some recorded case.
A basic principle of the law applies whereby, once a decision (a precedent) on
a certain set of facts has been made, the courts will apply that decision in
cases which subsequently come before it embodying the same set of facts. A
precedent is binding and must be followed.
HMRC, IR35 and case law
From the HMRC leaflet IR56:
“The law for tax and social security legislation does not define ‘employment’
and ‘self- employment’. But, over the years, the Courts have considered this
issue and their guidance on whether an individual is an employee or
self-employed is known as case law.”
How should a contractor use case law?
A contractor would not be wise to try and learn all the IR35 case law, and
employment law, with a view to ‘doing it on their own’.
Firstly, this would be a huge task costing a great deal of time and is best
left in the hands of professional lawyers.
Secondly, as a novice ‘lawyer’, trying to combat status disputes with HMRC significantly reduces your chance of success.
However, what is useful is for a contractor to have a good overview of the
process of mitigating the IR35 risk, and knowing when to get professional help.
The following articles are recommended reading:
Case law applicable to IR35
This section is more applicable for those wishing to dive into the detail of
the case law.
HMRC:
They have published the case law section of their employment status manual on
their site.
ESM7000 – Case Law
Bear in mind that not all these cases are directly applicable to IR35.
Lawspeed:
Overview of background case law, including:
-
Express & Echo Publications v Tanton [1999]
-
Carmichael v National Power Plc [1999]
-
Smith & Chanton Group v Costain Ltd [1999]
-
Chen Yuen v Royal Hong Kong Golf Club [1998]
-
McManus v Griffiths [1997]
-
Hall (Inspector of Taxes) v Lorimer [1994]
-
McMenamin v Diggles [1991]
-
O'Kelly v Trusthouse Forte Plc. [1983]
-
Swan Hellenic Ltd v Secretary of State [1983]
-
Massey v Crown Life Insurance Co. [1978]
-
Ready Mixed Concrete Ltd v. Minister of Pensions & NI [1968]
-
Market Investigations Ltd v Minister of Social Security [1968]
Detail for IR35 Cases, including:
-
Synaptek v Young (2003)
-
LIME IT v Justin (2002)
-
FS Consulting v McCaul (2001)
-
Battersby v Campbell (2001)
Egos:
IR35 Cases Index
Updated Wednesday, December 20, 2006, [Originally published Friday, November 19, 2004]
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