A contract between a contractor and a client is not necessarily a defence against a determined HMRC IR35 investigation, as highlighted by the famous IR35 court case lost by the Alternative Book Company.
In that case, although the contracts stated that the contractor, Keith Shepherd, had the right to send a substitute, the client refuted this. The court found for HMRC, rejecting Shepherd’s appeal on the grounds that his notional contract with the client was very different from the actual contract. Therefore, Shepherd was working within IR35.
Notional contract is key
The "notional contract", or the real relationship between the contractor and client that is key. A contractor may have a contract with all the right clauses regarding control, right of substitution and mutuality of obligation, but if the client thinks differently, and is prepared to tell HMRC investigators so, then the contractor could be in trouble.
A confirmation of arrangements is vital evidence required
Thousands of contractors have successfully been defended over against HMRC investigations. The first step is to get a signed Confirmation of Arrangements from the client.
When a client has put their name and signature on a document confirming the actual working practices, they can be very reluctant to change this statement at a later date when being questioned by tax inspectors. Contractors using the IR35Shield.co.uk review system can use the report available as their confirmation of arrangements.
When a tax advisor takes on a case, their first step is will be to ensure the contractor approaches the client to gather this vital evidence - which ideally will have been done up front prior to being engaged. Any signatory on behalf of the client must be an actual employee, not just some other contractor with no authority to sign.
IR35 investigations can take years and cost thousands
Ideally, contractors should obtain a signed Confirmation of Arrangements at the start of every contract.
An IR35 investigation can take years and can cost tens of thousands of pounds in defence costs. And this doesn’t include back taxes, National Insurance Contributions (NICs) and penalties.
And for that reason contractors would be wise to consider an IR35 tax liability cover policy too, which, in addition to paying the costs associated with running a defence, would also pay out if the contractor lost and owed money to the taxman.
You’re guilty until you can prove otherwise
In the UK, tax law says that you are guilty until you can prove your innocence. If you do not mount a defence, you are assumed to be guilty and automatically have to pay any outstanding taxes, NICs and penalties.
Contractors subject to tax investigations have no protection under the law, as someone accused of a criminal offence would have. HMRC’s investigators can delve into every aspect of your life and use any evidence against you.
And because the investigations can take so much time, the stress for the contractor can be incredible, in some cases not knowing whether they will be solvent or have a roof over their head in the near future.
Notional contracts can work for you
Although a poorly worded contract is like a red rag to a bull for your average HMRC inspector, the notional contract has saved many clients from falling within IR35.
Ideally, contractors should have an appropriate contract in place, and seek a Confirmation of Arrangements from their client but some contractors have successfully been defended whose actual contracts were only just contracts of service (i.e. caught by IR35) but whose notional contracts put them outside of IR35.
It's been known for contracts to not explicitly include a substitution clause. But, upon investigation, finding out that the contractor had actually used a substitute, putting the contractor squarely outside of IR35.
Agencies
Most contractors have no idea of the exact contractual relationship between their agency and client. Once an investigation starts, it is very useful for contractors to obtain a copy of the contract from their agency. HMRC will certainly want to see the agency-client contract and it has been known for there to be discrepancies.
This is another reason why the notional contract is so important. If the upper level contract between the agency and the client differs from the lower level contract between the contractor and the agency, for example by not including a right of substitution, the notional contract could work to the contractor’s advantage.
Fighting inspections and rulings by HMRC is not for the uninitiated. Most cash businesses, even small firms like corner shops, have tax investigation insurance that can remove some of the stress associated with the process.
Contractors can act now to protect themselves by investing in a good IR35 insurance policy, before an inspection starts.”